What Is a Technical Project Manager? How to Become One

In today’s fast-paced technological landscape, the role of a Technical Project Manager (TPM) has emerged as a critical linchpin in the successful execution of complex projects. As organizations increasingly rely on technology to drive innovation and efficiency, the demand for professionals who can bridge the gap between technical teams and business objectives has never been greater. But what exactly does a Technical Project Manager do, and how can one embark on this rewarding career path?

This article delves into the multifaceted role of a Technical Project Manager, exploring the essential skills, responsibilities, and qualifications that define this position. Whether you are a seasoned professional looking to pivot into project management or a newcomer eager to understand the field, this comprehensive guide will provide valuable insights into the TPM’s unique contributions to project success.

By the end of this article, you will not only grasp the significance of the Technical Project Manager in today’s tech-driven world but also gain practical steps to help you navigate your journey toward becoming one. Join us as we uncover the intricacies of this vital role and equip you with the knowledge to thrive in the dynamic realm of technical project management.

What Is a Technical Project Manager?

Definition and Scope

A Technical Project Manager (TPM) is a specialized role within project management that focuses on overseeing projects that involve technical components, such as software development, IT infrastructure, or engineering projects. Unlike traditional project managers, who may manage a variety of projects across different domains, a TPM possesses a deep understanding of the technical aspects of the projects they oversee. This expertise allows them to bridge the gap between technical teams and stakeholders, ensuring that projects are delivered on time, within scope, and aligned with business objectives.

The scope of a Technical Project Manager’s role can vary significantly depending on the industry and the specific project. In the software development sector, for instance, a TPM may be responsible for managing the development lifecycle, from initial concept through to deployment and maintenance. In contrast, in an engineering context, they might oversee the design and implementation of complex systems or products. Regardless of the industry, the core function of a TPM remains the same: to ensure that technical projects are executed efficiently and effectively.

Key Responsibilities

The responsibilities of a Technical Project Manager are multifaceted and can be categorized into several key areas:

• Project Planning: TPMs are responsible for developing detailed project plans that outline the scope, objectives, timelines, and resources required for successful project completion. This involves collaborating with stakeholders to define project goals and deliverables.
• Team Coordination: A TPM must coordinate and manage cross-functional teams, which often include software developers, engineers, quality assurance testers, and other technical personnel. This requires strong leadership and communication skills to ensure that all team members are aligned and working towards common goals.
• Risk Management: Identifying potential risks and developing mitigation strategies is a critical responsibility of a TPM. This involves conducting risk assessments, monitoring project progress, and making adjustments as necessary to keep the project on track.
• Stakeholder Communication: A TPM serves as the primary point of contact between technical teams and non-technical stakeholders, such as executives or clients. They must effectively communicate project status, challenges, and successes, translating complex technical information into understandable terms for stakeholders.
• Quality Assurance: Ensuring that the final product meets quality standards is a vital responsibility. TPMs often implement quality control processes and work closely with QA teams to conduct testing and validation of the project deliverables.
• Budget Management: Managing the project budget is another key responsibility. TPMs must track expenses, allocate resources efficiently, and ensure that the project remains within financial constraints.
• Post-Project Evaluation: After project completion, TPMs often conduct evaluations to assess what went well and what could be improved in future projects. This involves gathering feedback from team members and stakeholders and documenting lessons learned.

Differences Between a Technical Project Manager and a Traditional Project Manager

While both Technical Project Managers and Traditional Project Managers share some common responsibilities, there are several key differences that set them apart:

• Technical Expertise: One of the most significant differences is the level of technical knowledge required. A Technical Project Manager typically has a background in technology or engineering, enabling them to understand the complexities of the projects they manage. In contrast, a Traditional Project Manager may not have the same depth of technical knowledge and may focus more on general project management principles.
• Project Focus: Technical Project Managers primarily oversee projects that involve technical components, such as software development, IT infrastructure, or engineering projects. Traditional Project Managers, on the other hand, may manage a broader range of projects across various industries, including marketing campaigns, construction projects, or organizational change initiatives.
• Communication Style: The communication style of a TPM often differs from that of a Traditional Project Manager. TPMs must be adept at communicating with technical teams and translating complex technical concepts into language that non-technical stakeholders can understand. Traditional Project Managers may focus more on high-level project goals and stakeholder engagement without delving deeply into technical details.
• Problem-Solving Approach: Technical Project Managers are often required to solve technical problems that arise during the project lifecycle. This may involve troubleshooting issues with software, hardware, or systems. Traditional Project Managers may focus more on logistical or organizational challenges rather than technical ones.
• Tools and Methodologies: While both roles utilize project management tools and methodologies, a Technical Project Manager may be more familiar with technical tools specific to their industry, such as software development frameworks, version control systems, or engineering design software. Traditional Project Managers may use more general project management software and methodologies, such as Agile, Waterfall, or PRINCE2.

A Technical Project Manager plays a crucial role in the successful execution of technical projects by leveraging their specialized knowledge and skills. Their ability to manage complex technical teams, communicate effectively with stakeholders, and navigate the intricacies of technical projects sets them apart from traditional project managers. As technology continues to evolve and play a central role in business operations, the demand for skilled Technical Project Managers is likely to grow, making it an attractive career path for those with a passion for both technology and project management.

Core Skills and Competencies

To excel as a Technical Project Manager (TPM), one must possess a unique blend of technical skills, project management expertise, and interpersonal abilities. This section delves into the core skills and competencies that are essential for a successful career in this role.

Technical Skills

Technical skills are the foundation of a Technical Project Manager’s role. These skills enable TPMs to understand the intricacies of the projects they oversee, ensuring they can communicate effectively with technical teams and stakeholders.

• Programming Languages: Familiarity with programming languages such as Java, Python, or C# can help TPMs understand the development process and facilitate better communication with developers.
• Database Management: Knowledge of database systems like SQL or NoSQL is crucial for managing data-driven projects and understanding data architecture.
• Networking and Security: Understanding network infrastructure and security protocols is vital, especially for projects involving cloud computing or sensitive data.

Software Development Knowledge

A solid grasp of software development processes is essential for a Technical Project Manager. This includes understanding various development methodologies, such as:

• Waterfall: A linear approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins.
• Agile: An iterative approach that promotes flexibility and customer feedback throughout the development cycle.
• DevOps: A methodology that integrates development and operations to improve collaboration and productivity.

By understanding these methodologies, TPMs can better align project goals with the development team’s capabilities and timelines.

Systems Architecture Exploring

Technical Project Managers should have a foundational understanding of systems architecture. This includes knowledge of how different components of a system interact, such as:

• Client-Server Models: Understanding how client applications communicate with server-side components.
• Microservices Architecture: Familiarity with designing applications as a collection of loosely coupled services.
• Cloud Architecture: Knowledge of cloud service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) and how to leverage them for project success.

This knowledge allows TPMs to make informed decisions about technology stacks and architectural choices that align with project objectives.

Familiarity with Project Management Tools

Proficiency in project management tools is crucial for tracking progress, managing resources, and facilitating communication. Some popular tools include:

• Jira: Widely used for Agile project management, allowing teams to track issues and manage workflows.
• Trello: A visual tool for organizing tasks and projects using boards and cards.
• Microsoft Project: A comprehensive tool for planning, scheduling, and managing project timelines.

Being adept at these tools enables TPMs to streamline project processes and enhance team collaboration.

Soft Skills

While technical skills are vital, soft skills are equally important for a Technical Project Manager. These skills help TPMs navigate the complexities of team dynamics and stakeholder relationships.

Leadership and Team Management

Effective leadership is essential for guiding teams toward project goals. A TPM must be able to:

• Inspire and Motivate: Encourage team members to perform at their best and foster a positive work environment.
• Delegate Tasks: Assign responsibilities based on team members’ strengths and expertise.
• Resolve Conflicts: Address interpersonal issues promptly to maintain team cohesion.

Communication and Interpersonal Skills

Strong communication skills are critical for a TPM, as they must convey complex technical information to non-technical stakeholders and vice versa. Key aspects include:

• Active Listening: Understanding team members’ concerns and feedback to make informed decisions.
• Clear Articulation: Presenting ideas and project updates in a straightforward manner.
• Negotiation: Balancing the needs of stakeholders with project constraints to reach mutually beneficial agreements.

Problem-Solving and Critical Thinking

Technical Project Managers often face unexpected challenges that require quick and effective solutions. Strong problem-solving skills enable TPMs to:

• Analyze Issues: Break down complex problems into manageable parts to identify root causes.
• Develop Solutions: Generate creative and practical solutions that align with project goals.
• Make Decisions: Evaluate options and make informed choices that consider both short-term and long-term impacts.

Project Management Skills

Project management skills are at the core of a TPM’s responsibilities. These skills encompass various aspects of project planning and execution, including:

Agile and Scrum Methodologies

Understanding Agile principles and Scrum practices is essential for managing projects in dynamic environments. TPMs should be familiar with:

• Scrum Roles: Understanding the roles of Scrum Master, Product Owner, and Development Team.
• Scrum Events: Facilitating key events such as Sprint Planning, Daily Stand-ups, and Sprint Reviews.
• Backlog Management: Prioritizing tasks and managing the product backlog to ensure alignment with project goals.

Risk Management

Identifying and mitigating risks is a critical aspect of project management. TPMs should be adept at:

• Risk Assessment: Evaluating potential risks and their impact on project timelines and deliverables.
• Mitigation Strategies: Developing plans to minimize the likelihood and impact of identified risks.
• Monitoring Risks: Continuously tracking risks throughout the project lifecycle and adjusting strategies as needed.

Budgeting and Resource Allocation

Effective budgeting and resource allocation are essential for project success. TPMs must be able to:

• Develop Budgets: Create detailed budgets that account for all project costs, including labor, materials, and overhead.
• Monitor Expenses: Track spending against the budget to ensure financial accountability.
• Allocate Resources: Ensure that the right resources are available at the right time to meet project demands.

A Technical Project Manager must possess a diverse skill set that combines technical knowledge, project management expertise, and strong interpersonal abilities. By developing these core skills and competencies, aspiring TPMs can position themselves for success in this dynamic and rewarding field.

Educational Background and Certifications

Becoming a successful Technical Project Manager (TPM) requires a blend of educational qualifications, relevant certifications, and practical experience. This section delves into the recommended educational pathways, essential degrees, and certifications that can help aspiring TPMs build a solid foundation for their careers.

Recommended Educational Pathways

The journey to becoming a Technical Project Manager typically begins with a strong educational background. While there is no one-size-fits-all degree for this role, certain fields of study are more aligned with the skills and knowledge required in technical project management. Here are some recommended educational pathways:

• Undergraduate Degree: A bachelor’s degree in a relevant field is often the minimum requirement for aspiring TPMs. Common majors include Computer Science, Information Technology, Software Engineering, and Business Administration with a focus on project management.
• Graduate Degree: While not always necessary, obtaining a master’s degree, such as a Master of Business Administration (MBA) with a concentration in Project Management or a Master of Science in Project Management, can enhance your qualifications and provide a deeper understanding of both technical and managerial aspects.
• Technical Training: In addition to formal degrees, technical training in specific tools and technologies relevant to the industry can be beneficial. This may include courses in software development, systems analysis, or data management.

Degrees in Computer Science, Engineering, or Related Fields

Degrees in Computer Science, Engineering, or related fields are particularly valuable for Technical Project Managers. These programs equip students with a strong understanding of technical concepts, programming languages, and system architecture, which are crucial for managing technical projects effectively.

For instance, a degree in Computer Science provides knowledge in algorithms, data structures, and software development methodologies. This technical expertise allows TPMs to communicate effectively with development teams, understand project requirements, and make informed decisions regarding project scope and timelines.

Similarly, degrees in Engineering—such as Software Engineering, Systems Engineering, or Electrical Engineering—offer insights into project design, implementation, and testing processes. This background is essential for TPMs who work on projects that involve hardware or complex systems integration.

Essential Certifications

In addition to formal education, obtaining relevant certifications can significantly enhance a Technical Project Manager’s credentials. Certifications demonstrate a commitment to the profession and provide evidence of specialized knowledge and skills. Here are some essential certifications for aspiring TPMs:

Project Management Professional (PMP)

The Project Management Professional (PMP) certification, offered by the Project Management Institute (PMI), is one of the most recognized and respected certifications in the field of project management. To qualify for the PMP exam, candidates must meet specific educational and professional experience requirements, including:

• A four-year degree (bachelor’s or equivalent) and at least three years of project management experience, with 4,500 hours leading and directing projects.
• A secondary degree (high school diploma, associate’s degree, or equivalent) and at least five years of project management experience, with 7,500 hours leading and directing projects.

The PMP certification covers a wide range of project management topics, including project initiation, planning, execution, monitoring, and closing. It emphasizes the importance of leadership, communication, and stakeholder management—skills that are critical for Technical Project Managers who must navigate complex technical environments and diverse teams.

Certified ScrumMaster (CSM)

The Certified ScrumMaster (CSM) certification is particularly valuable for TPMs working in Agile environments. Offered by the Scrum Alliance, this certification focuses on the principles and practices of Scrum, an Agile framework for managing projects. To obtain the CSM certification, candidates must complete a two-day training course and pass an exam.

As a ScrumMaster, a TPM learns how to facilitate Scrum events, support the development team, and remove impediments to progress. This certification is beneficial for Technical Project Managers who lead software development projects, as it equips them with the skills to foster collaboration, adaptability, and continuous improvement within their teams.

Agile Certified Practitioner (PMI-ACP)

The Agile Certified Practitioner (PMI-ACP) certification, also offered by PMI, is designed for project managers who work in Agile environments. This certification recognizes knowledge of Agile principles, practices, and tools, making it an excellent choice for TPMs involved in Agile project management.

To qualify for the PMI-ACP exam, candidates must have a secondary degree, 21 contact hours of training in Agile practices, and 2,000 hours of general project experience. Additionally, they must have 1,500 hours of experience working on Agile teams. The PMI-ACP certification covers various Agile methodologies, including Scrum, Kanban, Lean, and Extreme Programming (XP), providing TPMs with a comprehensive understanding of Agile practices.

Other Relevant Certifications

In addition to the PMP, CSM, and PMI-ACP certifications, several other certifications can enhance a Technical Project Manager’s qualifications:

• Certified Project Manager (CPM): Offered by the International Association of Project Managers (IAPM), this certification focuses on project management fundamentals and best practices.
• PRINCE2 Certification: PRINCE2 (Projects in Controlled Environments) is a structured project management method widely used in the UK and internationally. This certification is beneficial for TPMs working in environments that adopt PRINCE2 methodologies.
• Lean Six Sigma Certification: This certification focuses on process improvement and efficiency, which can be valuable for TPMs managing projects that require optimization of processes and resources.
• ITIL Certification: The Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) certification provides knowledge of IT service management best practices, which is essential for TPMs working in IT and software development.

Aspiring Technical Project Managers should focus on obtaining a relevant degree, pursuing essential certifications, and gaining practical experience in project management. By building a strong educational foundation and acquiring recognized certifications, TPMs can position themselves for success in this dynamic and challenging field.

Gaining Relevant Experience

Becoming a successful Technical Project Manager (TPM) requires a blend of technical knowledge, project management skills, and relevant experience. This section delves into various pathways to gain the necessary experience, including entry-level positions, internships, and transitioning from other roles within the tech industry.

Entry-Level Positions and Internships

For those aspiring to become Technical Project Managers, starting with entry-level positions or internships can provide invaluable experience. These roles often serve as a stepping stone into the world of project management and can help you build a solid foundation in both technical and managerial skills.

Common entry-level positions include:

• Project Coordinator: This role involves assisting project managers in planning, executing, and closing projects. Responsibilities may include scheduling meetings, tracking project progress, and maintaining documentation. This position offers a firsthand look at project management processes and methodologies.
• Business Analyst: Business analysts work closely with stakeholders to gather requirements and ensure that the technical team understands the project goals. This role helps develop communication skills and a deep understanding of project requirements, which are crucial for a TPM.
• Quality Assurance Tester: QA testers ensure that the final product meets the required standards. This role provides insight into the software development lifecycle and helps you understand the importance of quality in project delivery.

Internships, whether paid or unpaid, can also be a great way to gain experience. Many tech companies offer internship programs that allow you to work on real projects under the guidance of experienced professionals. This exposure can help you understand the dynamics of project management and the technical aspects of the projects you will eventually manage.

Transitioning from Other Roles

If you are already working in the tech industry but are not in a project management role, transitioning to a Technical Project Manager position is entirely feasible. Many professionals successfully make this shift by leveraging their existing skills and knowledge.

Software Developer to Technical Project Manager

Software developers possess a deep understanding of the technical aspects of projects, making them well-suited for TPM roles. Transitioning from a developer to a TPM involves shifting your focus from coding to managing projects. Here are some steps to facilitate this transition:

• Enhance Your Project Management Skills: Consider obtaining certifications such as the Project Management Professional (PMP) or Certified ScrumMaster (CSM). These credentials will not only enhance your resume but also provide you with essential project management methodologies and frameworks.
• Take on Leadership Roles: Seek opportunities within your current role to lead small projects or initiatives. This could involve coordinating with other team members, managing timelines, and ensuring deliverables are met.
• Network with Project Managers: Build relationships with current project managers in your organization. Ask for mentorship or guidance on how to navigate the transition effectively.

IT Specialist to Technical Project Manager

IT specialists, such as system administrators or network engineers, also have a strong foundation for becoming Technical Project Managers. Their technical expertise can be a significant asset in managing projects that require a deep understanding of IT systems. Here are some strategies for making this transition:

• Develop Soft Skills: While technical skills are essential, soft skills such as communication, negotiation, and conflict resolution are equally important for a TPM. Consider taking courses or workshops to enhance these skills.
• Participate in Cross-Functional Teams: Engage in projects that require collaboration with different departments. This experience will help you understand various perspectives and improve your ability to manage diverse teams.
• Seek Project Management Opportunities: Look for opportunities within your organization to manage small projects or initiatives. This hands-on experience will be invaluable as you transition to a full-time TPM role.

Building a Portfolio of Projects

As you gain experience, it’s crucial to build a portfolio that showcases your project management capabilities. A well-structured portfolio can set you apart from other candidates when applying for TPM positions. Here’s how to create an impressive portfolio:

• Document Your Projects: For each project you manage, document the objectives, your role, the methodologies used, and the outcomes. Include metrics that demonstrate the success of the project, such as time saved, budget adherence, or quality improvements.
• Include Diverse Projects: Aim to include a variety of projects in your portfolio, showcasing your ability to manage different types of projects (e.g., software development, infrastructure upgrades, or process improvements). This diversity will highlight your adaptability and breadth of experience.
• Gather Testimonials: If possible, collect testimonials from team members, stakeholders, or clients who can vouch for your project management skills. Positive feedback can significantly enhance your portfolio’s credibility.
• Utilize Online Platforms: Consider using platforms like LinkedIn or personal websites to showcase your portfolio. This not only makes it easily accessible to potential employers but also demonstrates your digital literacy.

Gaining relevant experience is a critical step in becoming a Technical Project Manager. Whether through entry-level positions, internships, or transitioning from other roles, each pathway offers unique opportunities to develop the skills and knowledge necessary for success in this dynamic field. By actively seeking out experiences and building a robust portfolio, you can position yourself as a strong candidate for TPM roles in the future.

The Job Market for Technical Project Managers

Current Demand and Industry Trends

The role of a Technical Project Manager (TPM) has become increasingly vital in today’s fast-paced, technology-driven world. As organizations strive to innovate and improve efficiency, the demand for skilled TPMs continues to rise. According to recent industry reports, the global project management market is expected to grow significantly, with a projected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 10% through the next five years. This growth is largely fueled by the increasing complexity of projects and the need for specialized knowledge in managing technical teams and processes.

One of the key trends influencing the job market for TPMs is the shift towards agile methodologies. Companies are adopting agile frameworks to enhance flexibility and responsiveness in project execution. As a result, TPMs who are well-versed in agile practices, such as Scrum or Kanban, are in high demand. Additionally, the rise of remote work has led to an increased need for TPMs who can effectively manage distributed teams and ensure seamless communication across various platforms.

Key Industries Hiring Technical Project Managers

Technical Project Managers are sought after across a variety of industries, each with its unique challenges and requirements. Below are some of the key sectors actively hiring TPMs:

Information Technology

The IT sector is perhaps the most prominent field for Technical Project Managers. With the rapid advancement of technology and the constant need for software development, IT companies require TPMs to oversee projects ranging from software development to system integration. TPMs in this industry are responsible for coordinating between developers, stakeholders, and clients to ensure that projects are delivered on time and within budget.

For example, a TPM might manage the development of a new mobile application, ensuring that the project adheres to the specified timeline while also addressing any technical challenges that arise. They must possess a strong understanding of software development processes, as well as the ability to communicate effectively with both technical and non-technical team members.

Healthcare

The healthcare industry is increasingly relying on technology to improve patient care and streamline operations. As a result, Technical Project Managers are essential for overseeing projects related to electronic health records (EHR), telemedicine, and healthcare IT systems. TPMs in this sector must navigate complex regulatory environments and ensure that projects comply with healthcare standards and regulations.

For instance, a TPM might lead a project to implement a new EHR system across multiple healthcare facilities. This would involve coordinating with IT teams, healthcare providers, and compliance officers to ensure that the system meets the needs of all stakeholders while adhering to HIPAA regulations.

Finance

The finance industry is another key area where Technical Project Managers are in high demand. With the rise of fintech and the increasing reliance on technology for financial services, TPMs play a crucial role in managing projects related to software development, cybersecurity, and data analytics. They must possess a strong understanding of financial regulations and the ability to manage projects that involve sensitive financial data.

For example, a TPM might oversee the development of a new online banking platform, ensuring that it meets both user experience standards and regulatory requirements. This role requires a blend of technical knowledge and project management skills to navigate the complexities of the financial landscape.

Telecommunications

The telecommunications industry is undergoing significant transformation, driven by advancements in technology and the demand for faster, more reliable communication services. Technical Project Managers in this sector are responsible for overseeing projects related to network infrastructure, software development, and service deployment.

For instance, a TPM might manage a project to roll out a new 5G network, coordinating with engineers, vendors, and regulatory bodies to ensure that the project is completed on time and meets all technical specifications. This role requires a deep understanding of telecommunications technology and the ability to manage cross-functional teams effectively.

Salary Expectations and Job Outlook

The salary expectations for Technical Project Managers can vary significantly based on factors such as location, industry, and level of experience. According to the Project Management Institute (PMI), the average salary for a TPM in the United States is approximately $100,000 per year, with the potential to earn significantly more in high-demand industries such as IT and finance.

Entry-level TPMs can expect to earn around $70,000 to $80,000 annually, while those with several years of experience can command salaries in the range of $90,000 to $120,000. Senior TPMs or those in leadership positions can earn upwards of $150,000, particularly in major metropolitan areas where the cost of living is higher.

The job outlook for Technical Project Managers is promising, with the Bureau of Labor Statistics projecting a growth rate of 11% for project management roles through 2026. This growth is indicative of the increasing reliance on project management skills across various industries, as organizations seek to improve efficiency and drive innovation.

The job market for Technical Project Managers is robust, with strong demand across multiple industries. As technology continues to evolve and organizations adapt to new challenges, the role of the TPM will remain critical in ensuring the successful execution of complex projects. For those considering a career in this field, the future looks bright, with ample opportunities for growth and advancement.

Day-to-Day Responsibilities of a Technical Project Manager

A Technical Project Manager (TPM) plays a crucial role in the successful execution of technology-driven projects. Their responsibilities are multifaceted, requiring a blend of technical knowledge, project management skills, and interpersonal abilities. Below, we delve into the day-to-day responsibilities of a Technical Project Manager, providing insights into how they navigate the complexities of their role.

Planning and Scheduling

One of the primary responsibilities of a Technical Project Manager is to develop a comprehensive project plan. This involves defining the project scope, objectives, and deliverables. The TPM must work closely with stakeholders to gather requirements and ensure that the project aligns with business goals.

Effective planning also includes creating a detailed schedule that outlines the timeline for each phase of the project. This schedule typically incorporates:

• Task Breakdown: The TPM breaks down the project into manageable tasks and subtasks, often using methodologies like Work Breakdown Structure (WBS).
• Resource Allocation: Identifying the necessary resources, including team members, tools, and technologies, is essential for successful project execution.
• Milestones and Deadlines: Establishing key milestones helps track progress and ensures that the project stays on schedule.

For example, in a software development project, a TPM might create a Gantt chart that visually represents the timeline of tasks, dependencies, and milestones. This not only aids in planning but also serves as a communication tool for stakeholders.

Team Coordination and Management

Once the project is underway, the Technical Project Manager is responsible for coordinating the project team. This involves:

• Assigning Tasks: The TPM assigns tasks based on team members’ skills and expertise, ensuring that everyone is clear on their responsibilities.
• Facilitating Collaboration: Encouraging open communication and collaboration among team members is vital. The TPM may organize regular stand-up meetings or brainstorming sessions to foster teamwork.
• Conflict Resolution: Conflicts may arise within the team due to differing opinions or workload pressures. The TPM must mediate these conflicts and find solutions that keep the project on track.

For instance, in a cross-functional team working on a mobile app, the TPM might facilitate a weekly meeting where developers, designers, and QA testers discuss progress, challenges, and next steps. This ensures that all team members are aligned and can address any issues promptly.

Stakeholder Communication

Effective communication with stakeholders is a cornerstone of a Technical Project Manager’s role. Stakeholders can include clients, upper management, and other departments within the organization. The TPM must ensure that all parties are informed and engaged throughout the project lifecycle.

Key aspects of stakeholder communication include:

• Regular Updates: The TPM provides regular status updates, highlighting progress, challenges, and any changes to the project plan. This can be done through emails, reports, or presentations.
• Gathering Feedback: Actively seeking feedback from stakeholders helps the TPM understand their concerns and expectations, allowing for adjustments to be made as necessary.
• Managing Expectations: The TPM must set realistic expectations regarding project timelines, deliverables, and potential risks. Clear communication helps prevent misunderstandings and builds trust.

For example, a TPM might schedule bi-weekly meetings with stakeholders to review project progress and gather input on upcoming features. This not only keeps stakeholders informed but also allows them to feel involved in the project’s direction.

Monitoring and Reporting Progress

Monitoring the progress of the project is essential to ensure that it stays on track. The Technical Project Manager employs various tools and techniques to track progress against the project plan.

Some common practices include:

• Using Project Management Software: Tools like Jira, Trello, or Microsoft Project help the TPM visualize progress, manage tasks, and identify bottlenecks.
• Performance Metrics: The TPM establishes key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure the project’s success. These might include metrics like on-time delivery, budget adherence, and quality of deliverables.
• Regular Check-ins: Conducting regular check-ins with team members allows the TPM to assess progress, address any issues, and provide support where needed.

For instance, a TPM might use a dashboard in project management software to track the completion of tasks and milestones, providing a visual representation of the project’s status. This can be shared with stakeholders to keep them informed.

Managing Risks and Issues

Every project comes with its own set of risks and potential issues. A Technical Project Manager must proactively identify, assess, and manage these risks to minimize their impact on the project.

Key strategies for risk management include:

• Risk Assessment: The TPM conducts a thorough risk assessment at the project’s outset, identifying potential risks and their likelihood of occurrence.
• Developing Mitigation Plans: For each identified risk, the TPM creates a mitigation plan outlining steps to reduce the risk’s impact or likelihood.
• Issue Resolution: When issues arise, the TPM must act quickly to resolve them. This may involve reallocating resources, adjusting timelines, or communicating with stakeholders to manage expectations.

For example, if a key team member unexpectedly leaves the project, the TPM must quickly assess the impact on the project timeline and determine whether to redistribute tasks among the remaining team members or hire a temporary replacement.

The day-to-day responsibilities of a Technical Project Manager are diverse and require a combination of technical expertise, project management skills, and strong communication abilities. By effectively planning, coordinating teams, communicating with stakeholders, monitoring progress, and managing risks, a TPM plays a vital role in ensuring the success of technology projects.

Tools and Technologies Used by Technical Project Managers

In the fast-paced world of technology and project management, having the right tools at your disposal is crucial for success. Technical Project Managers (TPMs) are responsible for overseeing complex projects that often involve multiple teams, intricate timelines, and a variety of stakeholders. To effectively manage these projects, TPMs utilize a range of software and technologies designed to streamline processes, enhance collaboration, and provide insights into project performance. Below, we explore some of the essential tools and technologies that TPMs commonly use.

Project Management Software

Project management software is the backbone of any technical project manager’s toolkit. These platforms help TPMs plan, execute, and monitor projects from inception to completion. They provide functionalities such as task assignment, deadline tracking, resource allocation, and progress monitoring. Here are some of the most popular project management software options:

Jira

Jira, developed by Atlassian, is one of the most widely used project management tools, especially in software development environments. It is particularly favored for its agile project management capabilities, allowing teams to implement Scrum or Kanban methodologies effectively. With Jira, TPMs can create user stories, plan sprints, and track issues in real-time. The tool also integrates seamlessly with other Atlassian products like Confluence and Bitbucket, enhancing collaboration and documentation.

Trello

Trello is a visual project management tool that uses boards, lists, and cards to organize tasks. Its intuitive drag-and-drop interface makes it easy for teams to manage workflows and prioritize tasks. For technical project managers, Trello can be particularly useful for smaller projects or teams that prefer a more visual approach to task management. The platform also supports integrations with various applications, allowing TPMs to customize their workflow according to their team’s needs.

Asana

Asana is another popular project management tool that helps teams organize their work and track progress. It offers features such as task assignments, due dates, project timelines, and progress tracking. Asana’s user-friendly interface and robust reporting capabilities make it an excellent choice for technical project managers who need to keep stakeholders informed about project status. Additionally, Asana integrates with numerous other tools, enhancing its functionality and adaptability.

Collaboration Tools

Effective communication and collaboration are vital for the success of any project. Technical project managers often rely on collaboration tools to facilitate communication among team members, stakeholders, and clients. Here are some of the most commonly used collaboration tools:

Slack

Slack is a messaging platform designed for teams to communicate in real-time. It allows users to create channels for specific projects or topics, making it easy to keep discussions organized. For technical project managers, Slack can be invaluable for quick updates, sharing files, and facilitating discussions without the need for lengthy email threads. Additionally, Slack integrates with many project management tools, enabling TPMs to receive notifications and updates directly within the platform.

Microsoft Teams

Microsoft Teams is a collaboration platform that combines chat, video conferencing, and file sharing in one application. It is particularly beneficial for organizations that already use Microsoft 365, as it integrates seamlessly with other Microsoft applications like Word, Excel, and SharePoint. For technical project managers, Microsoft Teams provides a centralized space for team communication, making it easier to hold meetings, share documents, and collaborate on projects in real-time.

Reporting and Analytics Tools

Data-driven decision-making is essential for technical project managers. Reporting and analytics tools help TPMs track project performance, identify bottlenecks, and make informed decisions based on real-time data. Here are two of the most popular reporting and analytics tools:

Tableau

Tableau is a powerful data visualization tool that allows users to create interactive and shareable dashboards. For technical project managers, Tableau can be instrumental in analyzing project data, tracking key performance indicators (KPIs), and presenting insights to stakeholders. With its ability to connect to various data sources, Tableau enables TPMs to visualize complex data sets and make data-driven decisions that enhance project outcomes.

Power BI

Power BI, developed by Microsoft, is another robust analytics tool that helps organizations visualize and share insights from their data. It offers a range of features, including data modeling, real-time dashboards, and interactive reports. For technical project managers, Power BI can be used to track project metrics, analyze trends, and generate reports that provide stakeholders with a clear understanding of project performance. Its integration with other Microsoft products makes it a convenient choice for teams already using the Microsoft ecosystem.

Choosing the Right Tools

With so many tools available, technical project managers must carefully consider their team’s specific needs and workflows when selecting software and technologies. Factors to consider include:

• Team Size and Structure: Larger teams may benefit from more robust project management software that can handle complex workflows, while smaller teams might prefer simpler, more visual tools.
• Project Complexity: For highly technical projects, tools that support agile methodologies and offer advanced reporting capabilities may be necessary.
• Integration Capabilities: Choosing tools that integrate well with existing software can streamline processes and reduce the need for manual data entry.
• User Experience: The ease of use of a tool can significantly impact team adoption and productivity. TPMs should consider tools that are intuitive and user-friendly.

Ultimately, the right combination of tools and technologies can empower technical project managers to lead their teams effectively, ensuring that projects are completed on time, within scope, and to the satisfaction of all stakeholders.

Challenges Faced by Technical Project Managers

Technical Project Managers (TPMs) play a crucial role in bridging the gap between technical teams and project stakeholders. However, their journey is often fraught with challenges that can hinder project success. Understanding these challenges and developing strategies to overcome them is essential for any aspiring or current TPM. We will explore common obstacles faced by Technical Project Managers, delve into the complexities of managing technical debt, and discuss the delicate balance between technical and managerial responsibilities.

Common Obstacles and How to Overcome Them

Technical Project Managers encounter a variety of challenges that can impact project timelines, team dynamics, and overall project success. Here are some of the most common obstacles:

• Communication Gaps: One of the primary challenges TPMs face is effective communication between technical teams and non-technical stakeholders. Misunderstandings can lead to misaligned expectations and project delays.
• Resource Constraints: Limited resources, whether in terms of budget, personnel, or time, can significantly impact project execution. TPMs must navigate these constraints while ensuring project goals are met.
• Scope Creep: As projects progress, stakeholders may request additional features or changes that were not part of the original plan. This can lead to scope creep, which can derail timelines and budgets.
• Technological Changes: The fast-paced nature of technology means that TPMs must stay updated on the latest trends and tools. Rapid changes can render existing plans obsolete, requiring quick adaptations.
• Team Dynamics: Managing a diverse team with varying skill sets and personalities can be challenging. Conflicts may arise, and it’s the TPM’s responsibility to foster a collaborative environment.

To overcome these challenges, TPMs can implement several strategies:

• Enhance Communication: Establish regular check-ins and updates with both technical teams and stakeholders. Utilize collaboration tools like Slack, Trello, or Asana to facilitate ongoing communication.
• Prioritize Resource Management: Conduct thorough resource assessments at the project’s outset. Use project management software to track resource allocation and identify potential bottlenecks early.
• Implement Change Control Processes: Develop a formal process for managing changes to project scope. This should include stakeholder approval and impact assessments to minimize disruptions.
• Stay Informed: Dedicate time to continuous learning about emerging technologies and industry trends. Attend workshops, webinars, and conferences to keep skills sharp and relevant.
• Foster Team Collaboration: Encourage open dialogue among team members. Use team-building exercises to strengthen relationships and create a supportive work environment.

Managing Technical Debt

Technical debt refers to the implied cost of additional rework caused by choosing an easy solution now instead of using a better approach that would take longer. It’s a common issue in software development and can accumulate over time, leading to significant challenges for Technical Project Managers.

Managing technical debt is crucial for maintaining project quality and ensuring long-term success. Here are some key aspects to consider:

• Identification: The first step in managing technical debt is identifying its sources. This can include outdated code, lack of documentation, or reliance on legacy systems. Regular code reviews and audits can help uncover areas of concern.
• Prioritization: Not all technical debt is created equal. TPMs must work with their teams to prioritize which debts to address based on their impact on project goals, timelines, and overall system performance.
• Integration into Project Planning: Technical debt should be factored into project planning and timelines. Allocate time for addressing technical debt in each sprint or project phase to prevent it from accumulating further.
• Stakeholder Communication: Educate stakeholders about the implications of technical debt. Use metrics and examples to illustrate how it can affect project outcomes, and advocate for necessary resources to address it.
• Continuous Improvement: Foster a culture of continuous improvement within the team. Encourage developers to write clean, maintainable code and to document their work thoroughly to minimize future technical debt.

For example, a TPM managing a software development project may discover that the team has been using a legacy framework that is no longer supported. This could lead to increased bugs and longer development times. By prioritizing the migration to a modern framework and allocating resources for this transition, the TPM can reduce technical debt and improve the project’s overall health.

Balancing Technical and Managerial Responsibilities

One of the most significant challenges for Technical Project Managers is balancing their technical expertise with their managerial responsibilities. This dual role requires a unique skill set and the ability to switch between different modes of thinking and action.

Here are some strategies for achieving this balance:

• Time Management: Effective time management is crucial for TPMs. Allocate specific times for technical tasks, such as code reviews or system architecture discussions, and separate times for managerial duties, like stakeholder meetings and team check-ins.
• Delegate Wisely: TPMs should not hesitate to delegate technical tasks to team members. Trusting the team to handle technical details allows the TPM to focus on higher-level project management responsibilities.
• Continuous Learning: Stay updated on both technical and managerial best practices. This can involve taking courses, reading industry publications, or participating in professional organizations that focus on project management and technology.
• Seek Feedback: Regularly solicit feedback from team members and stakeholders. This can provide insights into areas where the TPM may need to adjust their focus or improve their approach.
• Set Clear Goals: Establish clear, measurable goals for both technical and managerial aspects of the project. This helps maintain focus and ensures that all team members are aligned with project objectives.

For instance, a TPM may find themselves deeply involved in a technical issue that arises during a project. While it’s essential to address the problem, they must also ensure that they are not neglecting their managerial duties, such as updating stakeholders or managing team morale. By setting clear priorities and delegating tasks, the TPM can effectively manage both aspects of their role.

The role of a Technical Project Manager is multifaceted and comes with its own set of challenges. By understanding these challenges and implementing effective strategies, TPMs can navigate their responsibilities more successfully, ensuring that projects are completed on time, within budget, and to the satisfaction of all stakeholders.

Career Advancement and Professional Development

As the landscape of technology and project management continues to evolve, the role of a Technical Project Manager (TPM) becomes increasingly vital. To thrive in this dynamic environment, TPMs must prioritize career advancement and professional development. This section explores various avenues for growth, including continuing education, networking, mentorship, and the pursuit of advanced roles and specializations.

Continuing Education and Training

In the fast-paced world of technology, staying updated with the latest trends, tools, and methodologies is crucial for a Technical Project Manager. Continuing education and training can take many forms, including formal degree programs, certifications, workshops, and online courses.

Formal Education: Many TPMs hold degrees in fields such as computer science, information technology, or business management. Pursuing advanced degrees, such as a Master’s in Project Management or an MBA with a focus on technology management, can provide deeper insights into strategic decision-making and leadership.

Certifications: Certifications are a valuable way to demonstrate expertise and commitment to the profession. Popular certifications for Technical Project Managers include:

• Project Management Professional (PMP): Offered by the Project Management Institute (PMI), this certification is recognized globally and signifies a high level of competence in project management.
• Certified ScrumMaster (CSM): For those working in Agile environments, the CSM certification provides foundational knowledge of Scrum practices and principles.
• Agile Certified Practitioner (PMI-ACP): Also from PMI, this certification focuses on Agile methodologies and is ideal for TPMs managing Agile projects.
• ITIL Certification: The Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) framework is essential for managing IT services, and obtaining ITIL certification can enhance a TPM’s ability to align projects with business needs.

Additionally, many online platforms, such as Coursera, Udemy, and LinkedIn Learning, offer courses tailored to project management and technical skills, allowing TPMs to learn at their own pace and convenience.

Networking and Professional Associations

Building a robust professional network is essential for career advancement. Networking provides opportunities to connect with peers, share knowledge, and discover job openings. Engaging with professional associations can further enhance a TPM’s career prospects.

Professional Associations: Joining organizations such as the Project Management Institute (PMI), the International Institute of Business Analysis (IIBA), or the Association for Project Management (APM) can provide access to valuable resources, industry insights, and networking events. These associations often host conferences, webinars, and workshops that allow TPMs to learn from industry leaders and connect with other professionals.

Networking Events: Attending industry conferences, local meetups, and seminars can help TPMs expand their professional circles. Engaging in discussions, participating in panel sessions, and exchanging contact information can lead to mentorship opportunities, job referrals, and collaborations on future projects.

Mentorship and Coaching

Mentorship plays a crucial role in professional development. A mentor can provide guidance, share experiences, and offer insights that can help a Technical Project Manager navigate their career path more effectively.

Finding a Mentor: TPMs should seek mentors who have experience in project management and a deep understanding of the technical aspects of their field. This could be a senior colleague, a former manager, or even a professional contact met through networking. A good mentor will not only provide advice but also challenge the mentee to grow and develop their skills.

Coaching Programs: In addition to traditional mentorship, many organizations offer coaching programs that focus on specific skills or competencies. These programs can help TPMs enhance their leadership abilities, improve communication skills, and develop strategic thinking.

Advanced Roles and Specializations

As Technical Project Managers gain experience and expertise, they may choose to pursue advanced roles or specializations that align with their career goals. These roles often come with increased responsibilities and the opportunity to influence larger projects or teams.

Senior Technical Project Manager

The role of a Senior Technical Project Manager typically involves overseeing multiple projects, leading larger teams, and managing more complex technical challenges. Senior TPMs are expected to have a deep understanding of both project management principles and the technical aspects of their projects. They often serve as mentors to junior TPMs and play a key role in strategic planning and decision-making.

To transition into a Senior TPM role, professionals should focus on developing leadership skills, enhancing their technical knowledge, and gaining experience in managing cross-functional teams. Demonstrating a track record of successful project delivery and the ability to navigate complex stakeholder relationships is essential for advancement.

Program Manager

Program Managers oversee a group of related projects, ensuring that they align with the organization’s strategic objectives. This role requires a broader perspective than that of a Technical Project Manager, as Program Managers must coordinate efforts across multiple teams and projects.

To become a Program Manager, a TPM should develop skills in strategic planning, risk management, and stakeholder engagement. Gaining experience in managing interdependencies between projects and understanding how to measure program success through key performance indicators (KPIs) is also crucial.

Technical Director

The Technical Director role is often a natural progression for experienced Technical Project Managers who wish to focus more on the technical aspects of projects rather than the management side. Technical Directors are responsible for setting the technical vision and direction for projects, ensuring that the technical team has the resources and support needed to succeed.

To transition into a Technical Director role, TPMs should deepen their technical expertise, stay abreast of emerging technologies, and develop strong leadership skills. This role often requires a combination of technical acumen and the ability to communicate effectively with both technical and non-technical stakeholders.

The path to becoming a successful Technical Project Manager involves a commitment to continuous learning, networking, and professional development. By pursuing education, certifications, mentorship, and advanced roles, TPMs can enhance their skills and position themselves for long-term success in the ever-evolving field of project management.

Key Takeaways

• Understanding the Role: A Technical Project Manager (TPM) bridges the gap between technical teams and project stakeholders, ensuring that projects are delivered on time and within scope while managing both technical and managerial aspects.
• Essential Skills: Successful TPMs possess a blend of technical skills, such as software development knowledge and familiarity with systems architecture, alongside strong soft skills like leadership, communication, and problem-solving.
• Educational Pathways: A degree in computer science, engineering, or a related field is often essential, complemented by certifications like PMP, CSM, and PMI-ACP to enhance credibility and expertise.
• Gaining Experience: Entry-level positions, internships, and transitioning from roles such as software developer or IT specialist can provide valuable experience. Building a portfolio of projects is crucial for showcasing skills.
• Job Market Insights: The demand for TPMs is growing across various industries, including IT, healthcare, finance, and telecommunications, with competitive salary expectations and a positive job outlook.
• Daily Responsibilities: TPMs engage in planning, team coordination, stakeholder communication, and risk management, utilizing tools like Jira, Trello, and Slack to streamline processes.
• Overcoming Challenges: Common challenges include managing technical debt and balancing responsibilities. Developing strategies to address these issues is vital for success.
• Career Advancement: Continuous education, networking, and seeking mentorship can facilitate career growth, leading to advanced roles such as Senior Technical Project Manager or Technical Director.

Becoming a Technical Project Manager requires a strategic blend of technical knowledge, project management skills, and effective communication. By following the outlined pathways and continuously developing your skills, you can position yourself for success in this dynamic and rewarding field.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the difference between a Technical Project Manager and a Product Manager?

The roles of a Technical Project Manager (TPM) and a Product Manager (PM) are often confused due to their overlapping responsibilities in the realm of technology and project execution. However, they serve distinct functions within an organization.

A Technical Project Manager primarily focuses on the execution of projects. Their responsibilities include planning, executing, and closing projects, ensuring that they are completed on time, within scope, and within budget. TPMs are deeply involved in the technical aspects of a project, often working closely with engineering teams to understand the technical requirements and challenges. They are responsible for managing resources, timelines, and stakeholder communications, ensuring that the project aligns with the technical specifications and business goals.

On the other hand, a Product Manager is more concerned with the overall vision and strategy of a product. PMs are responsible for defining the product roadmap, gathering and prioritizing customer requirements, and ensuring that the product meets market needs. They act as the voice of the customer within the organization, working to align the product development with user expectations and business objectives. While they may have a technical background, their focus is more on the product lifecycle and market positioning rather than the day-to-day management of project execution.

While both roles require strong communication and organizational skills, a Technical Project Manager is more focused on the execution of technical projects, whereas a Product Manager is centered around the strategic direction and success of a product.

How long does it take to become a Technical Project Manager?

The timeline to become a Technical Project Manager can vary significantly based on individual circumstances, educational background, and career trajectory. Generally, the path can be broken down into several stages:

• Education: Most Technical Project Managers hold at least a bachelor’s degree in a relevant field such as computer science, information technology, engineering, or business administration. This typically takes four years to complete.
• Gaining Experience: After obtaining a degree, aspiring TPMs often start in entry-level positions related to project management or technical roles. This phase can last anywhere from 2 to 5 years, during which individuals gain practical experience in managing projects, understanding technical processes, and developing leadership skills.
• Specialized Training and Certifications: Many TPMs pursue additional certifications such as the Project Management Professional (PMP) or Certified ScrumMaster (CSM) to enhance their credentials. Preparing for and obtaining these certifications can take several months to a year, depending on the individual’s study schedule and prior knowledge.
• Transitioning to a TPM Role: Once sufficient experience and qualifications are acquired, individuals can apply for Technical Project Manager positions. This transition can happen relatively quickly if opportunities arise, or it may take longer depending on the job market and individual readiness.

In total, the journey to becoming a Technical Project Manager can take anywhere from 5 to 10 years, depending on the individual’s educational background, career choices, and the specific requirements of the roles they pursue.

Can you become a Technical Project Manager without a technical background?

While having a technical background can be beneficial for a Technical Project Manager, it is not an absolute requirement. Many successful TPMs come from diverse backgrounds, including business, management, and even the humanities. Here are some key points to consider:

• Transferable Skills: Skills such as project management, communication, problem-solving, and leadership are crucial for a TPM role. Individuals with strong organizational skills and experience in managing teams or projects can transition into this role, even without a technical background.
• Learning on the Job: Many organizations provide training and resources for new TPMs to help them understand the technical aspects of their projects. This on-the-job learning can be invaluable, allowing individuals to gain the necessary technical knowledge while performing their duties.
• Networking and Mentorship: Building relationships with technical team members and seeking mentorship from experienced TPMs can help non-technical individuals bridge the knowledge gap. Engaging with technical communities and attending relevant workshops can also enhance understanding.
• Certifications and Courses: Aspiring TPMs can take advantage of online courses and certifications focused on project management and technical skills. Platforms like Coursera, Udacity, and LinkedIn Learning offer courses that can help build a foundational understanding of technology and project management principles.

While a technical background can provide an advantage, it is not a strict barrier to becoming a Technical Project Manager. With the right skills, experience, and willingness to learn, individuals from various backgrounds can successfully transition into this role.

What are the most important qualities of a successful Technical Project Manager?

To excel as a Technical Project Manager, certain qualities and skills are essential. Here are some of the most important attributes that contribute to the success of a TPM:

• Strong Communication Skills: A successful TPM must effectively communicate with various stakeholders, including technical teams, management, and clients. Clear communication helps ensure that everyone is aligned on project goals, timelines, and expectations.
• Technical Proficiency: While not always mandatory, having a solid understanding of the technical aspects of the projects being managed is crucial. This knowledge allows TPMs to make informed decisions, anticipate challenges, and facilitate discussions with technical teams.
• Leadership and Team Management: A TPM should be able to lead and motivate teams, fostering a collaborative environment. Strong leadership skills help in resolving conflicts, guiding team members, and ensuring that everyone is working towards a common goal.
• Problem-Solving Abilities: Projects often encounter unexpected challenges. A successful TPM must be adept at identifying problems, analyzing potential solutions, and implementing effective strategies to keep the project on track.
• Organizational Skills: Managing multiple tasks, deadlines, and resources requires exceptional organizational skills. A TPM should be able to prioritize tasks, manage time effectively, and maintain detailed project documentation.
• Adaptability: The tech landscape is constantly evolving, and projects may need to pivot based on new information or changing requirements. A successful TPM must be flexible and open to change, adjusting plans as necessary to meet project goals.
• Risk Management: Identifying potential risks and developing mitigation strategies is a critical aspect of project management. A TPM should be proactive in assessing risks and implementing measures to minimize their impact on the project.
• Stakeholder Management: Building and maintaining relationships with stakeholders is vital for project success. A TPM should be skilled in managing expectations, addressing concerns, and ensuring that stakeholders are kept informed throughout the project lifecycle.

In summary, a successful Technical Project Manager combines technical knowledge with strong leadership, communication, and organizational skills. By cultivating these qualities, individuals can effectively manage projects and lead their teams to success.